[39] Financial risk reporting

Capital management

One of the prime objectives of capital management is to ensure liquidity at all times. Measures aimed at achieving these objectives include the optimisation of the capital structure, the reduction of liabilities and ongoing Group cash flow planning and management. Close cooperation between local units and the Group head office ensures that the local legal and regulatory requirements faced by foreign Group companies are taken into account in capital management.

Net financial debt – defined as the difference between financial liabilities and cash and cash equivalents – is the key performance measure used in liquidity planning at Group level (see note [30]) and amounted to €2,095.5 million as at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: €2,903.4 million).

The financial liabilities reported by the KION Group as at 31 December 2017 consisted of liabilities under the syndicated loan agreement (SFA), liabilities under the loan for the financing of the Dematic acquisition (AFA) and a promissory note. The SFA comprises a variable-rate revolving credit facility of €1,150.0 million maturing in February 2022. A fixed-term tranche originally agreed under the SFA, which had a volume of €350.0 million and was due to mature in February 2019, was repaid in full ahead of schedule in 2017 (see note [30]).

As at 31 December 2017, the drawdown under the AFA consisted of a floating-rate bullet loan of €1,000.0 million maturing in October 2021. A year earlier, the amount drawn down under the AFA was €2,543.2 million and also included two variable-rate tranches repayable as bullet payments on maturity that were repaid in full ahead of schedule in 2017: tranche A2 of €343.2 million and tranche B of €1,200.0 million. The funds used for the repayment came from two corporate actions carried out in 2017. In the first quarter of 2017, a promissory note with a nominal value totalling €1,010.0 million was issued. In May 2017, a capital increase was implemented that generated gross proceeds of €602.9 million (see also note [28]).

Taking into account credit facilities that had not yet been utilised, the unrestricted cash and cash equivalents available to the KION Group as at 31 December 2017 amounted to €1,138.0 million (31 December 2016: €1,200.8 million).

Default risk

In certain finance and operating activities, the KION Group is subject to credit risk, i.e. the risk that partners will fail to meet their contractual obligations. This risk is defined as the risk that a counterparty will default, and hence is limited to a maximum of the carrying amount of the assets relating to the counterparty involved. Default risk is limited by diversifying business partners based on certain credit ratings. The Group only enters into transactions with business partners and banks holding a good credit rating and subject to fixed limits. The potential default risk attaching to financial assets is also mitigated by secured forms of lending such as reservation of title, credit insurance and guarantees, and potential netting agreements. Counterparty risks involving our customers are managed by the individual Group companies. Financial transactions are only entered into with selected partners holding good credit ratings. Investments in interest-bearing securities are limited to securities with an investment-grade credit rating.

> TABLE 107 shows the age structure of receivables as at the reporting date.

Specific valuation allowances for defaults are recognised to reflect the risk arising from primary financial instruments. Valuation allowances are based on the credit risk associated with the receivables, the risk being assessed mainly using factors such as customer credit rating and failure to adhere to payment terms.

Some of the receivables that were overdue as at the reporting date, but for which no valuation allowances had been recognised, were offset by corresponding trade payables. Apart from this item, the Group did not hold any significant collateral.

Liquidity risk

Based on the definitions in IFRS 7, a liquidity risk arises if an entity is unable to meet its financial liabilities. The KION Group maintains a liquidity reserve in the form of lines of credit and cash in order to ensure financial flexibility and solvency. The age structure of financial liabilities is reviewed continually. In January 2017, the KION Group received an investment-grade rating for the first time. Fitch Ratings gave the Group a long-term issuer rating of BBB– with a stable outlook in recognition of its improved financial profile, high level of profitability and stable free cash flow. In September 2017, rating agency Standard & Poor’s raised its credit rating for the KION Group from BB+ with a stable outlook to BB+ with a positive outlook.

The following tables show all of the contractually agreed undiscounted payments under recognised financial liabilities as at 31 December 2017 and 2016, including derivative financial instruments with negative fair values. > TABLES 108 – 109

The calculation of future cash flows for derivative financial liabilities includes all currency forwards that have negative fair values as at the reporting date.

In 2017, the KION Group sold financial assets with a total value of €132.0 million (2016: €101.3 million) in factoring transactions. In some cases, the KION Group retains insignificant rights and duties in connection with fully derecognised financial assets, primarily the provision of limited reserves for defaults. The recognised assets that serve as reserves for defaults and are reported under other current financial assets stood at €2.6 million as at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: €1.4 million). The short residual maturity of these financial assets means their carrying amount was almost the same as their fair value. The maximum downside risk arising on the transferred and fully derecognised financial assets amounted to €16.2 million as at 31 December 2017 (31 December 2016: €7.4 million).

Risks arising from financial services

The leasing activities of the Industrial Trucks & Services segment mean that the KION Group may be exposed to residual value risks from the marketing of trucks that are returned by the lessee at the end of a long-term lease and subsequently sold or re-leased. Residual values in the markets for used trucks are therefore constantly monitored and forecast. The KION Group regularly assesses its aggregate risk position arising from financial services.

The risks identified are immediately taken into account by the Company in the costing of new leases by recognising writedowns or valuation allowances and adjusting the residual values. Risk-mitigating factors include the demand for used trucks, which stabilises the residual values of the KION Group’s industrial trucks. The majority of the residual values have underlying remarketing agreements that transfer any residual-value risk to the leasing company. This had a positive impact on the financial results in 2017. Groupwide standards to ensure that residual values are calculated conservatively, combined with an IT system for residual-value risk management, reduce risk and provide the basis on which to create the transparency required.

The KION Group mitigates its liquidity risk and interest-rate risk attaching to financial services by ensuring that most of its transactions and funding loans have matching maturities and by constantly updating its liquidity planning. Long-term leases are primarily based on fixed-interest agreements. The credit facilities provided by various banks and an effective dunning process ensure that the Group has sufficient liquidity.

In order to exclude currency risk, the KION Group generally funds its leasing business in the local currency used in each market.

Because of low default rates, counterparty risk has not been significant to date in the Group. The KION Group has not identified any material changes between 2016 and 2017. The Group also mitigates any losses from defaults by its receipt of the proceeds from the sale of repossessed trucks. In addition, receivables management has been improved by enhancing the dunning process. The credit portfolio management system was updated during 2017. Besides the design of the business processes, it also encompassed the risk management and control processes.

Moreover, the KION Group offers the majority of financial services indirectly via selected financing partners that bear the risks of the finance transaction. As far as these financial services are concerned, the KION Group bore the counterparty risk in under 3 per cent of cases (2016: 3 per cent).

Currency risk

In accordance with its treasury risk policy, the KION Group hedges exchange rate risks both locally at the level of the individual companies and centrally via KION GROUP AG using prescribed hedging ratios.

The main hedging instruments employed are foreign-currency forwards, provided that there are no country-specific restrictions on their use.

In the Industrial Trucks & Services segment, hedges are entered into at company level for highly probable future transactions on the basis of rolling 15-month forecasts, as well as for firm obligations not reported in the statement of financial position. Currency risk arising from customer-specific construction contracts in the Supply Chain Solutions segment is hedged at individual company level on a project basis. Some of these hedges are classified as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes in accordance with IAS 39 (see note [40]).

The hedging that had still been in place in 2016 for the currency risk arising on translation of a foreign subsidiary’s financial statements into the Group’s reporting currency (net investment hedge) expired at the start of 2017 (see note [40]).

In addition, foreign-currency forwards are employed to hedge the currency risks arising in the course of internal financing. > TABLE 110 shows an overview of the foreign-currency forwards entered into by the KION Group.

Significant currency risk arising from financial instruments is measured using a currency sensitivity method. Currency risks from financial instruments as defined by IFRS 7 are only included in calculating currency sensitivity if the financial instruments are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the reporting entity concerned. This means that currency risks resulting from the translation of the separate financial statements of subsidiaries into the Group reporting currency, i.e. currency translation risks, are not included.

Currency risk relevant to currency sensitivity in the KION Group arises mainly in connection with derivative financial instruments, trade receivables and trade payables. It is assumed that the portfolio of financial instruments as at the reporting date is representative of the portfolio over the whole of the year. The sensitivity analysis for the relevant currencies is shown in > TABLE 111. The table shows the after-tax impact from changes in exchange rates considered to be possible (+10 per cent: increase in the value of the euro against the other currencies of 10.0 per cent; –10 per cent: fall in the value of the euro against the other currencies of 10.0 per cent).

Interest-rate risk

Interest-rate risk within the KION Group is managed centrally. The basis for decision-making includes sensitivity analyses of interest-rate risk positions in key currencies.

Some of the Group’s financing takes the form of floating-rate financial liabilities. Interest-rate swaps were entered into in 2017 in order to hedge the resultant interest-rate risk. > TABLE 112 provides an overview of the interest-rate derivatives used by the KION Group.

A shift in the relevant yield curve of +/– 50 basis points (bps) (2016: +/– 50 bps) was simulated to assess interest-rate risk. The cumulative effect after tax resulted from variable-rate exposures and is shown in > TABLE 113.